Tobacco
Cigarettes, the world’s most popular way to kill yourself!
- Tobacco smoking is the practice of
burning tobacco and inhaling the
smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases). (A more
broad definition may include simply taking tobacco smoke into the mouth,
and then releasing it, as is done by some with tobacco pipes and cigars.)
The practice was believed to begin as early as 5000–3000 BC .[1] Tobacco
was introduced to Eurasia in the late 17th century where it
followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its
first import into the Western world onwards, but embedded itself in
certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon
the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling
apparatus.[2][3]
- German scientists identified a link between
smoking and lung cancer in the late 1920s, leading to the first anti-smoking
campaign in modern history, albeit one truncated by the
collapse of the Third Reich at the end of the Second World War.[4] In
1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between
smoking and cancer.[5]Evidence
continued to mount in the 1980s, which prompted political action against
the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the developed world have either peaked or
declined.[6] However,
they continue to climb in the developing world.[7]
- Smoking is the most common method of consuming
tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural
product is often mixed with additives[8] and
then combusted. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and
the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in
the lungs.[9] Combustion
was traditionally enhanced by addition of potassium or other nitrates.[citation needed] Many
substances in cigarette smoke trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings,
which heighten heart rate, alertness,[10] and
reaction time, among other things.[11] Dopamine and endorphins are
released, which are often associated with pleasure.[12] As
of 2008 to 2010, tobacco is used by about 49% of men and 11% of women aged
15 or older in 14 low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh,
Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines,
Poland, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Vietnam), with
about 80% of this usage in the form of smoking.[13] The
gender gap tends to be less pronounced in lower age groups.[14][15]
- Many smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. During the early stages, a
combination of perceived pleasure acting as positive
reinforcement and desire to respond to social peer
pressure may offset the unpleasant symptoms of initial use, which
typically include nausea and coughing. After an individual has smoked for
some years, the avoidance of withdrawal symptoms and negative
reinforcement become the key motivations to continue.
- In a study conducted by Jennifer O' Loughlin and
colleagues, first smoking experiences of seventh-grade students were
studied.[16] They
found out that the most common factor leading students to smoke is
cigarette advertisements. Smoking by parents, siblings and friends also
encourage students to smoke.[16]
Social attitudes and public health[edit]
In Germany, anti-smoking groups, often associated
with anti-liquor groups,[32] first
published advocacy against the consumption of tobacco in the journal Der
Tabakgegner(The Tobacco Opponent) in 1912 and 1932. In 1929, Fritz Lickint of
Dresden, Germany, published a paper containing formal statistical evidence of a
lung cancer–tobacco link. During the Great Depression Adolf Hitler condemned
his earlier smoking habit as a waste of money,[33] and
later with stronger assertions. This movement was further strengthened with
Nazi reproductive policy as women who smoked were viewed as unsuitable to be
wives and mothers in a German family.[34]
The anti-tobacco movement in
Nazi Germany did not reach across enemy lines during the Second
World War, as anti-smoking groups quickly lost popular support. By the end of
the Second World War, American cigarette manufacturers quickly reentered the
German black market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent,[35] and
leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced.[36] As
part of the Marshall Plan, the United States shipped free tobacco to
Germany; with 24,000 tons in 1948 and 69,000 tons in 1949.[35] Per
capita yearly cigarette consumption in post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to
1,523 in 1963.[4] By
the end of the 20th century, anti-smoking campaigns in Germany were unable to
exceed the effectiveness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German
tobacco health research was described by Robert N. Proctor as
"muted".[4]
A lengthy study conducted in order to establish
the strong association necessary for legislative action
In 1950, Richard Doll published
research in the British Medical Journal showing a close link
between smoking and lung cancer.[37]Beginning
in December 1952, the magazine Reader's Digest published
"Cancer by the Carton", a series of articles that linked smokingwith lung cancer.[38]
In 1954, the British Doctors Study, a prospective study of some 40
thousand doctors for about 2.5 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which
the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related.[5] In
January 1964, the United States Surgeon General's
Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between
smoking and cancer.[39]
As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco
companies claimed contributory negligence as the adverse health
effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. Health
authorities sided with these claims up until 1998, from which they reversed
their position. The Tobacco Master Settlement
Agreement, originally between the four largest US tobacco companies
and the Attorneys General of 46 states, restricted certain types of tobacco
advertisement and required payments for health compensation; which later
amounted to the largest civil settlement in United States history.[40]
Social campaigns have been instituted in many
places to discourage smoking, such as Canada's National Non-Smoking Week.
From 1965 to 2006, rates of smoking in the United
States declined from 42% to 20.8%.[6] The
majority of those who quit were professional, affluent men. Although the
per-capita number of smokers decreased, the average number of cigarettes
consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. This
paradoxical event suggests that those who quit smoked less, while those who
continued to smoke moved to smoke more light cigarettes.[41] The
trend has been paralleled by many industrialized nations as rates have either
leveled-off or declined. In the developing world,
however, tobacco consumption continues to rise at 3.4% in 2002.[7] In
Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the
strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive much less attention.[42] Today
Russia leads as the top consumer of tobacco followed by Indonesia, Laos, Ukraine, Belarus,
Greece, Jordan,
and China.[43
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from
the fresh leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana.
The genus contains a number of species, however, Nicotiana tabacum is
the most commonly grown. Nicotiana rustica follows
as second containing higher concentrations of nicotine. These leaves are
harvested and cured to allow for the slow oxidation and
degradation of carotenoids in tobacco leaf. This produces certain
compounds in the tobacco leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose
oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. Before packaging, the tobacco is often
combined with other additives in order to enhance the addictive potency, shift
the products pH, or
improve the effects of smoke by making it more palatable. In the United States
these additives are regulated to 599 substances.[8] The
product is then processed, packaged, and shipped to consumer markets.
Tobacco field in Intercourse, Pennsylvania.
Processed tobacco pressed into flakes for pipe
smoking.
1. Beedi
Beedis are thin South Asian cigarettes filled with
tobacco flakes and wrapped in a tendu leaf tied with a string at one end. They
produce higher levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than cigarettes
typical in the United States.[44][45]
Tendu Patta (Leaf) Collection for Beedi industries
2.Cigars
Cigars are tightly rolled bundles of dried and
fermented tobacco which are ignited so that smoke may be drawn into the
smoker's mouth. They are generally not inhaled because of the high alkalinity
of the smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. The
prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period,
and population surveyed, and prevalence estimates vary somewhat depending on
the survey method. The United States is the top consuming country by far,
followed by Germany and the United Kingdom; the US and Western Europe account
for about 75% of cigar sales worldwide.[46] As
of 2005 it is estimated that 4.3% of men and 0.3% of women smoke cigars in the
USA.[47]
3.Cigarettes
Cigarettes, French for "small cigar", are a
product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut
tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives,
which are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder.[8] Cigarettes
are ignited and inhaled, usually through a cellulose acetate filter, into the
mouth and lungs.
4.Hookah
Hookah are a single or multi-stemmed (often
glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Originally from India. The hookah was a
symbol of pride and honor for the landlords, kings and other such high class
people. Now, the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle
East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used
for smoking herbal fruits, tobacco, or cannabis.
5.Kretek
Kretek are cigarettes made with a complex blend of
tobacco, cloves and
a flavoring "sauce". It was first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus,
Java, to deliver the medicinal eugenol of cloves to the lungs. The quality and
variety of tobacco play an important role in kretek production, from which
kretek can contain more than 30 types of tobacco. Minced dried clove buds
weighing about 1/3 of the tobacco blend are added to add flavoring. In 2004 the
United States prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing
flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol, thereby
removing kretek from being classified as cigarettes.[48]
6.Passive smoking
Passive smoking is
the usually involuntary consumption of smoked tobacco. Second-hand smoke (SHS)
is the consumption where the burning end is present, environmental tobacco
smoke (ETS) or third-hand smoke is the consumption of the smoke
that remains after the burning end has been extinguished. Because of its
perceived negative implications, this form of consumption has played a central
role in the regulation of tobacco products.
7.Pipe smoking
Pipe smoking typically
consists of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be
smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded
pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited. Tobaccos for smoking
in pipes are often carefully treated and blended to achieve flavour nuances not
available in other tobacco products.
8.Roll-Your-Own
Roll-Your-Own or
hand-rolled cigarettes, often called "rollies", "cigi" or
"Roll-ups", are very popular particularly in European countries and
the UK. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters
all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper than ready-made cigarettes
and small contraptions can be bought making the process easier.
9.Vaporizer
A vaporizer is a device used to sublimate the active
ingredients of plant material. Rather than burning the herb, which produces
potentially irritating, toxic, or carcinogenicby-products;
a vaporizer heats the material in a partial vacuum so that the active compounds
contained in the plant boil off into a vapor. This method is often preferable
when medically administrating the smoke substance, as opposed to directly
pyrolyzing the plant material.If anything else killed up to 20% of the
population prematurely then you might expect the government to frown on it. But
here we have a highly addictive drug that causes the slow painful death of
millions worldwide every year and it is perfectly legal. It does make you
wonder about the authorities motivations for controlling other drugs though.
But everybody knows smoking kills you so we’ll move on.
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